Like " utilitarian" and " pragmatic", the word "meritocratic" has also developed a broader connotation, and is sometimes used to refer to any government run by "a ruling or influential class of educated or able people". In a more general sense, meritocracy can refer to any form of evaluation based on achievement. These are often determined through evaluations or examinations. In government and other administrative systems, "meritocracy" refers to a system under which advancement within the system turns on "merits", like performance, intelligence, credentials, and education. The "most common definition of meritocracy conceptualizes merit in terms of tested competency and ability, and most likely, as measured by IQ or standardized achievement tests". Hobson argues that the concept of merit originated in China and became known to the West through Confucian texts. ![]() In his book The Eastern Origins of Western Civilisation, John M. However, several scholars point out that the concept of meritocracy initially emerged in Asia. Meritocracy was most famously argued by Plato in his book The Republic and stood to become one of the foundations of politics in the Western world. Today, the term is often utilised to refer to social systems, in which personal advancement and success are primarily attributed to an individual´s capabilities and merits. It was then popularized by sociologist Michael Dunlop Young, who used the term in his dystopian political and satirical book The Rise of the Meritocracy in 1958. Although the concept of meritocracy has existed for centuries, the first known use of the term was by sociologist Alan Fox in the journal Socialist Commentary in 1956. Advancement in such a system is based on performance, as measured through examination or demonstrated achievement. ![]() Meritocracy ( merit, from Latin mereō, and -cracy, from Ancient Greek κράτος kratos 'strength, power') is the notion of a political system in which economic goods and/or political power are vested in individual people based on talent, effort, and achievement, rather than wealth or social class.
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